The earliest definition is by McCulloch (1945) who examined cognitive structures in the brain, the collective organization of which he terms heterarchy. He demonstrates that the human brain is not organized hierarchically but adjusts to the…For example, an individual may highly value human life in general and be against abortion rights, but be for the death penalty (or vice versa). The context of the inquiry, along with changing (and conflicting) values, mitigates this logical…Milledge Nelson, S. (Ed.) (2006). Handbook of gender in archaeology. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Minsky, M., & Papert, S. (1972). Artificial intelligence progress report (AI Memo 252). Cambridge, MA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.…
Seymour Papert
mathematician · 4 mentions across 2 readings
In this course
Papert co-authored foundational work on artificial intelligence at MIT during the early computational turn, appearing here in a 1972 progress report alongside Marvin Minsky that helped establish the theoretical framework for thinking about machine cognition. His work is invoked in the course's examination of how AI systems model intelligence and organize information, particularly relevant to discussions of heterarchy and non-hierarchical cognitive structures that resist simple logical consistency. Though cited here primarily as an archival reference, Papert's influence on cybernetic thinking about adaptive systems and learning machines underpins the course's broader inquiry into how artificial systems might reorganize value hierarchies and decision-making processes.
Mentioned in 2 readings
Appears alongside
People mentioned in the same passages — sorted by co-occurrence weight.
Marvin Minsky 4Steven Mithen 2Warren McCulloch 2Alex Quicho 1Ben Woodard 1David Roden 1Edward Fredkin 1Eric Bonabeau 1Frank Rosenblatt 1Ian Buchanan 1Karen Barad 1Polybius 1Rudy Rucker 1Carole L. Crumley 1David Stark 1Douglas Hofstadter 1Nicos Poulantzas Kontopolous 1Gregory Bateson 1Aliny M. Almeyda 1Elinor Ostrom 1Harini Nagendra 1James C. Scott 1Jane Southworth 1Nicos Mouzelis 1Reza G. Pourdavood 1Robert McC. Netting 1Stephen G. Perz 1Sut Jhally Nelson 1Thomas Piketty 1