There are also efforts to redefine hierarchy in a way that allows for varying degrees of connectivity and control (e.g., Ahl and Allen, 1996; Allen and Starr, 1982; Bondarenko, 2007). In a control hierarchy each higher level exerts control …There is considerable evidence for heterarchical social and political formations in the past. The archaeological record records many forms of social power (Angelbeck and Grier, 2012; Chapman, 2003; Crumley, 2003; Ehrenreich et al., 1995; Ko…
Crumley
other · 2 mentions across 1 reading
In this course
Crumley appears as an archaeological theorist whose work on heterarchical social formations provides historical evidence that power structures need not be rigidly hierarchical. The reading cites Crumley (2003) alongside other scholars to support the argument that past societies organized themselves through multiple, overlapping forms of authority rather than linear chains of command, a concept central to rethinking cybernetic and control systems beyond traditional top-down models. This archaeological grounding helps the course establish that alternatives to strict hierarchy are not merely theoretical but empirically documented in human social organization.
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